euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates¶

Estimates as files: the published baseline, and saving and loading your own.

A table of estimates, as returned by calibrate_hsv(), has one row per system and household type. save_estimates() writes such a table to a JSON file, together with any notes on how it was made, and load_estimates() reads it back, so a model can use estimates without running EUROMOD.

The package ships one such file: the estimates for the 27 EU member states and the euro area, policy years 2022 to 2025. load_estimates() without a path returns them, and schedule() turns a row of any table into a Schedule that computes tax rates, taxes and disposable incomes.

Below are listed the main public classes of the euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates module.

**Classes**¶
`Schedule`	A fitted tax-benefit function, ready to use.

**Function**¶
`load_estimates`(path)	Load a table of estimates.
`save_estimates`(estimates, path, **info)	Save a table of estimates as a JSON file.
`schedule`(estimates, system, household_type)	The fitted tax-benefit function of one system and household type, ready to use.

class euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates.Schedule(lambda_, tau)¶

A fitted tax-benefit function, ready to use.

Incomes are in multiples of mean gross income, as numbers or arrays: 1.0 is mean income. Multiply by the mean gross income of the population you apply it to for amounts in currency.

Parameters:

lambda (float) – Level: the net tax rate at mean income.
tau (float) – Progressivity.

Example

>>> portugal = Schedule(0.1925, 0.1631)
>>> portugal.net_tax_rate(2.0)        # average rate at twice the mean income
0.2788
>>> portugal.net_taxes(2.0)           # taxes net of benefits
0.5576
>>> portugal.disposable_income(2.0)
1.4424

Overview

Methods¶
`disposable_income`(income)	Gross income minus net taxes.
`marginal_rate`(income)	Share of an extra unit of gross income that does not reach disposable income.
`net_tax_rate`(income)	Average net tax rate: taxes net of benefits, as a share of gross income.
`net_taxes`(income)	Taxes net of benefits. Negative when benefits exceed taxes.

Methods

disposable_income(income)¶: Gross income minus net taxes.

marginal_rate(income)¶: Share of an extra unit of gross income that does not reach disposable income.

net_tax_rate(income)¶: Average net tax rate: taxes net of benefits, as a share of gross income.

net_taxes(income)¶: Taxes net of benefits. Negative when benefits exceed taxes.

Functions¶

euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates.load_estimates(path=None)¶

Load a table of estimates.

Parameters:: path (str, optional) – A file written by save_estimates(). Default: the estimates that ship with the package, by household type, for the 27 EU member states ("AT_2022", …, "SK_2025") and the euro area ("EA_2022", …, "EA_2025": 19 members in 2022, 20 from 2023), policy years 2022 to 2025.
Returns:: Indexed by system and household type, with the columns of fit_hsv() and fit_diagnostics(). The notes saved with the estimates are in .attrs.
Return type:: pandas.DataFrame

Example

>>> baseline = load_estimates()
>>> baseline.loc[("PT_2022", "all"), ["lambda", "tau"]]
lambda    0.1925
tau       0.1631
>>> baseline.attrs["model"]
'EUROMOD_RELEASES_J2.0+'

euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates.save_estimates(estimates, path, **info)¶

Save a table of estimates as a JSON file.

Parameters:

estimates (pandas.DataFrame) – Estimates indexed by system and household type, as returned by calibrate_hsv().
path (str) – File to write.
**info – What should be remembered about the estimates: anything that JSON can hold, e.g. model="J2.0+", constants={"$tin00_rate9": 0.58}, note="top income-tax rates raised by 10 points".

Example

>>> estimates = calibrate_hsv(MODEL, DATA, ["PT_2022"], constants=reform)
>>> save_estimates(estimates, "pt_reform.json", constants=reform)

euromod.eu_euromod.calibrate.estimates.schedule(estimates, system, household_type='all')¶

The fitted tax-benefit function of one system and household type, ready to use.

Parameters:

estimates (pandas.DataFrame) – A table of estimates, from load_estimates() or calibrate_hsv().
system (str) – A system in the table, e.g. "PT_2022" or "EA_2025".
household_type (str) – A household type in the table; default all households.

Returns:

Computes the net tax rate, net taxes, disposable income and the marginal rate at any gross income. Calling it gives the net tax rate.

Return type:

Schedule

Example

>>> portugal = schedule(load_estimates(), "PT_2022")
>>> portugal.net_tax_rate([0.5, 1.0, 2.0])
array([0.0958, 0.1925, 0.2788])
>>> portugal.disposable_income(2.0)
1.4424